Final

We believe food labels should include additives so that consumers can make an educated, informed decision in regards for what they believe is best for them and/or their family. Consumers should also be aware of the consequences that food additives may have on them. Some studies show that additives may cause hyperactivity in kids and some people might have a certain sensitivity of FD&C Yellow No. 5 in foods. Consumers might also be interested in knowing that large amounts of insects and carcasses of animals who have died of "natural causes" are in the food they consume on a regular. Weather it be anything with a red dye made from insect blood or sugar which is filtered with cow bones. 

The benefits of food labels are informed consumers, people will be more aware of what they consume which is reaching for a healthier America. If people were to know of all the unnatural things that go into their everyday food they are most likely to choose a much  health conscious decision. Although some people might still continue eating the same thing, others will have a choice as to what they consume instead of blindly stuffing their faces with things they don't know. If food companies are more honest with their customers they might see an increase in sales, especially if they have nothing to hide. 

The only risk we see in not labeling additives is the food companies losing money in fear that people will no longer buy their products. Which is understandable but food companies should strive for much healthier and safer ways of making their food. Consumers and big companies should work together to make food safe, affordable, and delicious so that everyone is satisfied without questioning what was killed going into a few jelly beans. 

The Consumer-   Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries. According to Wikipedia the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.Organic substances such as salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol are also applied as conventional preservatives. These are utilised in both raw too as cooked food stuff to increase the shelf value of food so that aroma, taste as well as the meals itself may be stored for a longer period of time.     Additives are used in foods for five main reasons:

                      To maintain product 

                      To Improve of maintain nutritional value

                      To maintain wholesomeness

                      To provide leavening or control acidity/alkalinity

                      Last but not least to enhance flavor or impart desired color

   Adding food additives also have their disadvantages:

                     Some food additives are toxic if a large amount is used, e.g. sodium benzoate and benzonic acid

                     Some food additives may be carcinogenic, e.g. sodium nitrate has been shown to cause cancer to mice and may also cause cancer to human beings

                     Some additives may have side effects such as allergies

Yet not everyone has these side effects , therefore I believe that food additives should be added however the amount of each substance should vary. Salt and Sugar can cause more harm than all the other additives combined .
              As a consumer food additives may be killing me slowly without me noticing.As great as they taste I'm not always aware of whats been added to my food.Also I believe that its not always about the great taste, texture ..etc but more about my health. 

Food Irradiation

What is Food Irradiation ?

 The process of exposing food to ionizing radiation to destroy microorganisms, bacteria,viruses, or insects that might be present in the food.

Benefits of Food Irradiation:

 * Disease-causing germs are reduced and eliminated

 * The nutritional value of the food is preserved

 * Reduced spoilage in global food supply

 * Increased level of quality of assurance in international trade of food products

Are irradiated foods still nutritious?

Yes, the foods are not changed in nutritional value and they don’t become dangerous as a result of irradiation. At irradiation levels approved for use on foods, levels of the vitamin thiamine are slightly reduced, but not enough to result in vitamin deficiency. There are no other significant changes in the amino acid, fatty acid, or vitamin content of food. In fact, the changes induced by irradiation are so minimal that it is not easy to determine whether or not a food has been irradiated.

http://uw-food-irradiation.engr.wisc.edu/Facts.html

Which foods can be irradiated?

* Meat

* Poultry 

* Grains

* Many sea foods

* Fruits

*Vegetables

Does the irradiation process make food radioactive?

According to http://uw-food-irradiation.engr.wisc.edu/Facts.html No. Irradiation by gamma rays, X-rays and accelerated electrons under controlled conditions does not make food radioactive. Just as the airport luggage scanner doesn't make your suitcase radioactive, this process is not capable of inducing radioactivity in any material, including food. However, not all foods are suitable for irradiation. For example, oysters and other raw shellfish can be irradiated. 

How can I tell if the food has been irradiated?

A distinctive logo has been developed for use on food packaging, in order to identify the product as irradiated. This symbol is called the "radura" and is used internationally to mean that the food in the package has been irradiated. A written description may also be present, such as "Irradiated to destroy harmful microbes". It is not required to label a food if a minor ingredient of the food, such as a spice, has been irradiated itself.

Beef & Amonia

Before reading:

1. How would you feel if you had to pay an extra fifty cents for your school lunch? 

How much would that add up to over a school year?

I would be highly upset because that's fifty cents extra for food that I dont even enjoy.Also that adds up , if I had to pay it every day.

2. Statement: I don't care what goes in my burger as long as it's cheap, tastes good and doesn't make me
sick. Do you agree or disagree, and why?

I disagree with this statement because knowing what I put into my body is important to me and just because it doesn't make me sick doesn't mean its healthy. 

During reading:

1. Why did Beef Products, Inc. begin treating beef with ammonia?
To kill E.coli as well as salmonella.

2. What happens to a batch of beef that is found to be contaminated with E. coli or Salmonella? What about if the beef is ammonia-treated?

If a batch of beef is found to be contaminated with E.coli or Salmonella the school lunch program will not buy the meat but there's no ban in selling it to the general public. If a batch of beef contains ammonia it will be classified as a "processing agent" and not an ingredient that would be listed on labels.  

3. How might the ammonia treatment process fail to kill microbes?

Ammonia treatment might fail to kill microbes if enough of it is not being used. 

4. What are the effects of the ammonia treatment process on beef odor and taste?

High doses of ammonia make beef taste and smell better to consuming customers, although its not very healthy for them.  

After reading:
1. What are the risks of treating beef with ammonia?
The risks of treating beef with ammonia is giving the general public food that contains ammonia which is not very good for the human body, putting the general public health at risk. 

2. What are the benefits of treating beef with ammonia?
The benefits of treating beef with ammonia is better smell and taste, its lasts longer and kill off microbes.

3. Do you believe that ammonia should be listed as an ingredient in ground beef, 
or remain as an unlisted processing agent?

I do think that ammonia should be listed as an ingredient in ground beef because people should have the right to know exactly what it is that they consume so they can make an educated decision about their food.  

Consumer

  Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste and appearance. Some additives have been used for centuries. According to Wikipedia the advent of processed foods in the second half of the 20th century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.Organic substances such as salt, sugar, vinegar, alcohol are also applied as conventional preservatives. These are utilised in both raw too as cooked food stuff to increase the shelf value of food so that aroma, taste as well as the meals itself may be stored for a longer period of time.    http://www.foodadditives.org/pdf/Food_Additives_Booklet.pdf
                           

           Additives are used in foods for five main reasons:

                      To maintain product 

                      To Improve of maintain nutritional value

                      To maintain wholesomeness

                      To provide leavening or control acidity/alkalinity

                      Last but not least to enhance flavor or impart desired color

   Adding food additives also have their disadvantages:

                     Some food additives are toxic if a large amount is used, e.g. sodium benzoate and benzonic acid

                     Some food additives may be carcinogenic, e.g. sodium nitrate has been shown to cause cancer to mice and may also cause cancer to human beings

                     Some additives may have side effects such as allergies

Yet not everyone has these side effects , therefore I believe that food additives should be added however the amount of each substance should vary. Salt and Sugar can cause more harm than all the other additives combined .
              As a consumer food additives may be killing me slowly without me noticing.As great as they taste I'm not always aware of whats been added to my food.Also I believe that its not always about the great taste, texture ..etc but more about my health. 

     

        

" All Orange Juice Sold In The U.S Should Be Fortified With Calcium "

From my knowledge I believe food should be modified.I say this because people need calcium, vitamin A, and so on in order to be healthy efficient human beings. Individuals who don't get enough calcium suffer long term defects , low bone mass is one of them. Not only people who don't get enough calcium in their diet suffer but also individuals who do not get enough vitamin A in their diet suffer from weak membranes around their organs making them vulnerable to diseases. However you can find nutrition in foods naturally such as in vegetables , bread , MILK .. etc yet again not everyone knows how to find nutrition in foods naturally. This is why food should be modified to make sure that everyone gets the right amount of nutrition's daily.




http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Bone/Bone_Health/Nutrition/

Ionic and Covalent Bonding

                 
Atoms form bonds when their valence electrons interact. Ionic bonds form between oppositely charged ions. Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between two atoms.  Metallic bond has a distinctive property because it can conduct electricity when they are solids and can bend and stretch. Polyatomic ion are different from other ions because they are made of groups of atoms that are covalently bonded.

Kimchi Progress

* 2 1/2 inches of water

* Strong smell

* We used 7 spoons of salt

* The water is brown

* The lettuce is crisp/soggy

* Bubbles still forming

* pH level of 6

LAB: Home-Made Kimchee

My team mates and I are studying the variable of salt concentration. We will study this variable by adding a certain amount of salt to one bottle and then a lesser amount of salt to another to see which one will preserve the cabbage faster. We will record our data by observing the smell, color, density etc. of the cabbage, also recording the pH level of the cabbage each day until it reaches the pH level of 3.5. We will record all of this in our virtual lab notebooks. The experiment will last up to one week, in progression to that week we will record data everyday until the last day of the experiment. Our hypothesis is that the bottle with more salt will preserve the Kimchee faster then the bottle with less salt.

Chemistry Review: The Structure Of Atoms

Atoms of the same element all have the same number of Protons. That number is called the Atomic Number .

                            
Isotopes are Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons. That means that they have different Mass Numbers . Mass number is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

There's so many atoms that the average atoms mass of chlorine represents the average of all chlorine atoms on Earth.

                 
Avogardro's number used of molecules in one Mole.

Chemsitry Review: Changes Of State

When a substance changes from one state to another the identity of the substance stays the same. However the average of kinetic energy changes.For example Evaporation , boiling is evaporation that happens throughout a liquid at a specific temperature and pressure.Some solids can change to a gas skipping turning into a liquid , this is called Sublimation , for example Dry Ice .

Energy can be changed to another form of energy.Yet the total amount of energy before the change must equal the total amount of energy after the change.Like mass , energy can not be created or destroyed during a physical or chemical change this is known as Law Of Conservation Of Energy .

Chemistry Review : Changes Of Matter

Physical Change -
    Affects one or more physical properties of a substance without changing the identity of the substance.

Chemical Change -
   Occurs when one or more substances change into new substances that different properties .


 The elements that make up a compound can be separated only by chemical change .

Chemistry Review : Matter & Energy

Atoms make up matter .

                                                   
                                                            Solid Liquid & Gas 
Solids are more dense than liquids, and liquids are more dense than gas.In a solid the molecules are move slower and are more tightly packed than using less enegry. The matter can also be considered a Fluid . A fluid is a state of matter in which the particles are free to move past each other .However most matter on Earth is either a solid , liquid or gas most of the universe is made of Plasma . Plasma is a state of matter similar to gas. A Plasma is made up of electrically charged particles.

All kind of matter have Thermal Enegry . Temperature is a measure of how hot or how cold something is , specifically a measure of the average Kinetic Enegry of the particles in an object. Particles of matter are ALWAYS moving , however not all particles are moving at the same speed. The higher the average Kinetic Enegry of the particles in a substance the higher the temperature.

Chemistry Review : Classifying Matter

   How can matter be classified ?
- Matter can be classified in several ways.Every sample of matter is either an ELEMENT , a COMPOUND , or a MIXTURE .
  
 



Why are elements and compounds considered Pure Substances ?
- Elements and Compounds are considered pure substances because a Pure Substances is matter that has a fixed composition and definite properties .


   


 How are elements and compounds different from mixtures ?
- Elements and compounds are a mixture of molecule of atom . A Molecule is the smallest unit of matter. However on the other hand a mixture is a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. It's a molecule of substances that are not chemically combined .